![]() ![]() Hence, human-robot interaction is continuously re-evaluated optimizing ergonomics states. change the pose of the workpiece) in a way that is ergonomically most comfortable for the interacting user. The algorithmic framework identifies these 6 causes and controls the cooperating robot to always adapt the environment (e.g. A total of 6 main causes of low ergonomic states are identified, leading to 6 universal robot responses to allow the human to return to an optimal ergonomics state. An RGB-D camera is used to calculate and monitor human joint angles in real-time and to determine the current ergonomics state. Effectively, the new protocol optimises the human-robot relative position and orientation as a function of human ergonomics. With a clear focus on optimising ergonomics, the approach proposed here continuously observes a human user's posture and by invoking appropriate cooperative robot movements, the user's posture is, whenever required, brought back to an ergonomic optimum. This paper describes a novel approach in human-robot interaction driven by ergonomics. We discuss the lessons learned from our studies about instruction methods, how robots in public settings can be useful for blind people, and the challenges of deploying such systems in public. We analyzed interview data to understand the reasons behind the failures and successes. A closer approximation of the original palm method failed. One method, in which the robot used its entire arm to create path gestures while participants held its gripper, was preferred by 5 out of 8 blind participants and performed comparably on a recall task as a verbal-only instruction method. We explored the usability, strengths, and limitations of each of our methods in two exploratory studies with blind participants. Inspired by a technique used by Orientation & Mobility experts in which a route is traced out on a person's palm, we developed five methods that supplement verbal instructions with physical movements. We describe an exploration of how kiosk-type stationary robots might provide navigation instructions for blind people. Keywords: assistive technology, blindness, visually impaired, cosmetics personalisation makeup. The combination of primary and secondary data suggests that the use of cosmetics amongst VI and blind consumers could be encouraged in many ways: by improving the accessibility of product information – in store and online by the design of accessible systems and applications which facilitate reliable product choice (colour and other desirable performance attributes) by offering access to affordable personalised products. Shopping and finding the right product in store were considered easier than shopping online. As lipstick was the most commonly used product, the colour was also an important choice factor. Their choice of products was mostly driven by ease of use and brand familiarity, but sensory characteristics were also referred to. The survey showed that the VI and blind consumers used a variety of makeup products for reasons such as feeling good, looking professional, and simply because this is what sighted people do. A range of technologies aimed at providing personalised cosmetic product choice were identified, however only one app was focused on helping such consumers with lipstick application. However, there were no reports of products and services within the remits of the cosmetic industry designed to assist the VI and blind users other than one brand adding Braille to product packaging. A small number of organisations/apps were found which provide advice, tutorials or direct assistance with cosmetics use and makeup application in particular. For example, conversion of text and visuals into auditory cues (verbal or other sounds) has been commonly used by VI and blind consumers. ![]() The literature review identified a growing field of research and development of assistive technologies supporting shopping tasks and accessing product information. The second part reports the outcomes of a survey exploring the shopping and product usage of cosmetics by VI and blind individuals, including some qualitative data. The first one is a review of the assistive technologies relevant to shopping for cosmetics, as well as of the applications and systems which enable the choice of products, including some specifically developed for cosmetic purposes in line with the drive for personalised cosmetics. There is no specific work done on technologies assisting these consumers with the use of cosmetics and engaging in self-grooming activities, whist such tasks are common and expected in the context of social and professional environments. Historically, assistive technologies for visually impaired and blind consumers evolved around aiding users in navigation, online content accessibility, learning, object and text recognition, and social interactions. ![]()
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